   AQUARIUM (& pond) ANTIBIOTICS/ ANTIMICROBIALS (page 2)Information about these treatments; • Triple Sulfa • Tetracycline • Minocycline (Maracyn 2) • Oxytetracycline • Nirtrofurazone (including Aquatronics Spectrogram/Paragon 2 info) • Quinine Sulfate • Neomycin • Kanamycin • Chloramphenicol • Metronidazole • Isoniazid • Erythromycin (Maracyn) • Penicillin/Ampicillin • Naladixic Acid 
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AQUARIUM MEDICATIONS & TREATMENTS INTRODUCTION (Home) Updated 4/23/10 TRIPLE SULFA (Sulfamerazine, Sulfamethazine, Sulfathiazole):  Sulfas are considered all anti-bacterials (antimicrobials). These drugs produce are bacteriostatic, meaning they inhibit the growth of the bacteria but do not kill them. Sulfas are generally most effective against aerobic gram-negative organisms but are not reliable against aerobic gram-positive bacterium such as StreptococcusSulfa drugs arrest cell growth by inhibiting the synthesis of folic acid, a component required for growth by bacteria. Folic acid is a large molecule and is unable to enter bacterial cells, so the bacteria must synthesize the compound intracellularly. Animal cells are unable to synthesize folic acid and it must be provided in the diet. For this reason sulfa drugs are not toxic to animal cells. Sulfa drugs are among the oldest in the medicine, the first being a sulfonamide was trade named Prontosil dating back to experiments by Bayer in 1932. For aquatic use Sulfa are often maligned by many aquarists as not effective or out of date, yet in reality Triple Sulfa often will work where other antibiotics fail and sometimes with less side effects as well (this is not to say Sulfas do not have side effects as they are somewhat toxic, producing blood abnormalities and kidney damage when indiscriminately used). Sulfas also do not tend to be as sensitive to poor use (meaning not following the full treatment regimen) USE: A broad spectrum antibacterial medication, fin and tail rot, mouth fungus and collapsed fins, Columnaris, and hemorrhagic septicemia. Triple Sulfa is also useful for damaged fins caused by fin nipping. An old standby that is still useful and can be used in combination with Malachite Green (especially effective in combination with MG at ˝ strength when treating Ich in scale less fish) or Acriflavin (do not combine with copper sulfate). Sulfas are more effective at higher pH levels. Sulfas can also be safely used with other mild broad spectrum parasite/fungal treatments to boost anti bacterial effectiveness,; a good example would be the Medicated Wonder Shell. DOSAGE: 250 mg per 10 gallons every 24 hours with a 25% water change before each treatment. Treat for a minimum of 10 days. Triple Sulfa is found in: Aquarium Pharmaceuticals; Triple Sulfa TETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE:  USE: Tetracycline is the name of a large class of antibiotics produced by Streptomyces bacteria. These include Tetracycline Hydrochloride (to be discussed here) and several others which, although closely related, often yield very different results (although side effects may be very similar). With this in mind it is important to not confuse these very similar but often very different in results antibiotics. Unfortunately this is done all too often, especially for the treatment of Columnaris (Flexibacter) . Minocyline which can be effective (not my first choice for Columnaris though) is often confused with Tetracycline Hydrochloride.Tetracycline Hydrochloride is a naturally occurring Tetracycline used in the treatment of bacterial infections that are gram-positive such as Streptococcus and SOME gram-negative infections in fish and interferes with the production of proteins that the bacteria need to multiply and divide (bacteriostatic). However many bacterial pathogens have developed resistance to Tetracycline Hydrochloride. Tetracycline Hydrochloride is generally more effective for aerobic bacteria (which Columnaris is however Aeromonas and many other pathogens are anaerobic). It should also be noted as to Columnaris that although it is aerobic, it is also gram negative, whereas Tetracycline Hydrochloride is less effective, although the cousin tetracycline; Minocycline hydrochloride is more effective for gram negative bacteria. Uses include (generally gram positive causes of these symptoms); fin and tail rot (split, ragged and deteriorating fin and/or tail), Popeye (protruding eyes, may be cloudy or hazy), gill disease (swollen, discolored gills, gasping for air and a decrease in activity) and secondary infections. I do not recommend the use of Tetracycline Hydrochloride for bleeding or ulcers in fish as Tetracycline has been shown to cause anemia in fish (and also humans to a lesser degree, which is the last thing you want to do with a bleeding fish. Tetracycline Hydrochloride mode of action is as a protein synthesis inhibitor via an aminoacyl-tRNA binding mechanism to the 30S subunit. Mode of resistance is the loss of cell wall permeability. Note, Tetracycline can lower red blood cell count, because of this I would not use with injured fish. Tetracycline becomes dangerous past its expiration date. While most prescription drugs lose potency after their expiration dates, tetracycline can become toxic over time. This can be a useful antibiotic, especially when others fail, however Tetracycline is more useful in warm blooded animals (humans and Veterinary) than in fish. I have often found the side effects to out weigh the benefits in aquarium use (such as anemia and interfering with nitrifying bacteria, often producing a “brown foam” on the surface of the aquarium), especially for marine aquariums. For this reason (destruction of nitrifying bacteria) I strongly recommend against the combined use of Tetracycline AND Erythromycin (the side effects of these two antibiotics combined will generally negate any benefits obtained when used in combination). Another note with Tetracycline Hydrochloride is that it is easily absorbed where calcium is present in larger quantities, which often renders this antibiotic useless in saltwater and high GH (hard water) freshwater aquariums. DOSAGE: 250- 500 mg per 20 gallons of water. Every 24 hours with a 25% water change before each treatment. This product will not work in water with a ph above 7.5- NOT FOR MARINE USE! (also not effective in freshwater aquariums with a pH above 7.6) Tetracycline Hydrochloride is found in: API Pro Series Tetracycline MINOCYCLINE:  USE: Minocycline hydrochloride, also known as Minocycline, is a member of the broad spectrum tetracycline antibiotics, and has a broader spectrum than the other members, especially as to gram negative bacteria. Minocycline is also synthetic whereas Tetracycline Hydrochloride and Oxytetracyline are naturally occurring. It should also be noted that Minocycline maintains serum levels 2-4 times that of most other tetracyclines (150 mg giving 16 times the activity levels compared to 250 mg of Tetracycline Hydrochloride at 24-48 hours).It has excellent anti-inflammatory properties which makes it a good choice for septicemia, although for Viral Septicemia there is no effective treatment, only prevention. Minocycline is also effective for fin/tail rot and OCCASIONALLY pop eye and is sometimes suggested for dropsy. However as for Dropsy I strongly recommend against this as this antibiotic can cause severe kidney damage, which is the last thing you want with a possible Dropsy case. For more about Dropsy, please see this article: Betta with Dropsy Minocycline is also skin absorbed like Kanamycin (although not as well) which can increase effectiveness. It is also nontoxic to invertebrates but should not be used in Marine aquaria. Another note about the dangers of Minocycline as with Tetracycline, it becomes dangerous past its expiration date. Minocycline can more toxic over time. Minocycline (like other Tetracyclines) is easily absorbed by calcium, making this a poor choice for saltwater or high GH freshwater aquariums (such as African Cichlids, livebearers), in these cases Kanamycin is the better choice. The above point is often missed by well meaning aquarists (often in many forums that love to recommend Maracyn-2), Maracyn –Two (Minocycline) is a good product when used in the right conditions for the right problem (of which it is relatively wide spectrum), the problem is that most aquariums I have either encountered or have read the water parameters for have too high of minerals (GH over 200) for Minocycline to be truly effective, in fact there in lies the problem in that often these minerals that render Maracyn Two less effective IMPROVE the fish’ natural ability to fight disease. With these points in mind, generally the ONLY aquaria I recommend Minocycline in are Amazon River tanks such as Discus Aquariums. DOSAGE: Maracyn-Two is the primary source for this anti-biotic, follow directions given by Mardel (manufacturer of Maracyn –2) References: Minocycline Hydrochloride, PDF Minocycline QUININE SUFATE (& Hydrochloride): USE: Resistant strains of Ich (especially on scale less fish). Protozoan, sliminess of the skin and Rams disease (whirling disease). Also good for resistant strains of Hexamita when combined with Metronidazole. DOSAGE : 250 mg per 10 gallons of water. Once a day for 4-5 days. Do a 25% water change before each treatment. Quinine Hydrochloride is generally more effective when available. Quinine Hydrochloride is found in: Vertonex OXYTETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE: USE: Oxytetracycline is a naturally occurring Tetracycline that is more broad spectrum than Tetracycline Hydrochloride (but not as broad spectrum as Minocycline, especially as to gram negative bacteria) Oxytetracycline will treat gram-positive and many gram-negative bacteria. Marine ulcer disease, cold water disease, bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia (Symptoms: Red streaks in body and fins, or redness in the body. Also open sores or loss of scales and mouth fungus. DOSAGE: 250- 500 mg teaspoon per 20 gallons every 24 hours with a 50% water change before each treatment. This antibiotic is best used mixed in with food, especially if your ph is above 8.0.. NITROFURAZONE:  USE: Bactericidal for some gram-positive and many gram-negative bacteria causing disease in fresh water and marine fish. Nitrofurazone inhibits several bacterial enzymes, especially those involved in the aerobic and anaerobic degradation of glucose and pyruvate.This antibacterial is effective for control of Flexibacter/Columnaris (Symptoms: Fuzzy, thin, white coating on the body and fins. Looks like a fungus) it works well with Kanamycin for difficult incidences of this pathogen, Aeromonas (Symptoms: fish have blisters forming on the skin that are full of a clear to yellowish fluid. The blisters may turn into large sores.), Vibrio and related bacterial species. Nitrofurazone is particularly useful for control of minor topical skin infections of freshwater & marine fishes that have not become systemic. As well, Nitrofurazone is effective for surface skin infections of Streptococcus iniae which may appear as a milky peeling slime. Effective as well against marine ulcer disease and some protozoan infestations. For this reason, Nitrofurazone is a good next step treatment for wounds and other topical infections when first step treatments such as Pimafix or Melafix fail. Nitrofurazone is also useful in treating Furunculosis found in Koi. Serious adverse events related to nitrofurans are very rare. Acquired resistance of bacteria to nitrofurans during therapy has been rare and has not appeared on a significant scale in over 50 years of use. Do not use in the presence of invertebrates. Nitrofurazone is more effective at lower pH levels. Nitrofurazone is not Skin absorbed , so use of this Bactericidal for systemic infections is not recommended. However Aquatronics and myself have found that Nitrofurazone combines well with Kanamycin (which is skin absorbing), and is very complimentary to each other as wells since Nitrofurazone is often better topically for Aeromonas while Kanamycin is generally more effective for Columnaris, and since these bacterial infections are often hard to differentiate by the average aquarist, this can be a good combination when unsure. As for Aquatronics Products (which made excellent products, but unfortunately went out of business in the early 2000s for business reasons); Nitrofurazone was found in a few excellent products of theirs that are no longer available, but can be utilized by blending your own medications. Here are two that can blended: *Aquatronics Spectrogram: Nitrofurazone can be combined with Kanamycin to make an even more wide spectrum treatment, especially for difficult cases of Columnaris or Aeromonas. For very serious combination bacterial/fungal/parasitic infections (such as Ichthyophonus or even virus infections such as “Angelfish aids”), especially in often difficult to treat Loach, Botia, Cory Catfish and similar fish; this combination PLUS SeaChem ParaGuard can often be the “kick” needed for a cure (assuming water conditions are also at proper parameters) *Aquatronics Paragon 2; Nitrofurazone can be combined with Kanamycin & Metronidazole for an excellent parasitic, fungal, & bacterial infection treatment DOSAGE: 250- 500 mg per 20 gallons. Treat every 24 hours with a 50% water change before each treatment. Treat for 10 days. Nitrofurazone is found in Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Furan 2 and Jungle Labs Binox FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT COLUMNARIS (FLEXIBACTER) NEOMYCIN SULFATE:  USE: Neomycin (a Aminoglycoside) is a broad spectrum antibiotic that is effective for aerobic gram-positive (such as Streptococcus), some gram-negative and possibly mycobacterium.Effective for: Gram-negative bacteria (SOME Pseudomonas- Open red sores or ulcerations, fin and tail damage, fins and tail are eaten away, in severe cases, down to the body- treat with Kanamycin for this), intestinal infections, and mycobacterium tuberculosis (Weight loss, a distended abdomen, loss of appetite, fin erosion, unusual coloration, pop-eye, spinal deformities, and listless behavior). Neomycin is ineffective against fungi, yeast and viruses. Neomycin is not absorbed by the intestinal tract and is effective in treatment of diseases thereof. But Neomycin can damage the kidneys as it is nephrotoxic when it enters the bloodstream, however since this drug is not readily absorbed in the intestinal tract it is useful for treatment of pathogens such as Aeromonas that can lead to Dropsy or similar diseases. Neomycin works well in freshwater or saltwater aquariums. Neomycin is very effective when used in feeding again due to the fact that this antibiotic does not get absorbed. This is my preferred way to treat with this antibiotic. DOSAGE: 250 mg per 10 gallons of water. Treat every 24 hours with a 25% water change before each treatment. Treat for 10 days. For tuberculosis, use for up to 30 days (Can be combined with Isoniazid). Neomycin is found in SeaChem Neoplex METRONIDAZOLE:  USE: Metronidazoles primary use is for the treatment of anaerobic gram positive bacteria including those that produce beta-lactamase. However, it is not effective against aerobic bacterium. As well Metronidazole is effective for some protozoa (especially internal flagellates and external). Due to Metronidazole effectiveness against anaerobic bacteria (by selectively blocking some of the cell functions of anaerobic bacteria) this drug along with Neomycin is a good choice for bloating of the digestive tract (common in goldfish). Metronidazole selectively blocks some of the cell functions in anaerobic bacteria, resulting in their demise. Metronidazole is also a good choice for many protozoan parasite infections, especially for Cryptocaryon in marine aquaria. Metronidazole is also effective used in combination or by itself for internal parasites such as Nematodes or Trematodes. In marine aquarium infections is where Metronidazole really shines as it is very effective internally and since Marine fish are always drinking the water around them, medication is easily transported to the infected area. In Freshwater, treatment can be improved by soaking food as well and this is still an effective freshwater treatment as well. Common aquatic uses for Metronidazole; Hole in the head disease (hexamita), chilodonella, plistophora (parasite disease usually seen in neons and cardinals that causes loss of color, darting, and eventually death, please this article: “Neon Tetra Disease” ), salt water ich, bloat. Metronidazole can be combined with Nitrofurazone and Methylene Blue (1/2 dose for the Methylene blue) for an alternative treatment for anchor worms, especially for Trichlorfon sensitive fish. Metronidazole is unique in some of its effectiveness and is excellent to combine with other treatments especially when affecting a cure is difficult (such as many internal parasites). A company, Aquatronics (that unfortunately went out of business), used Metronidazole in many of its multi antibiotic remedies as it very useful in combination. DOSAGE: 250-500 mg per 20 gallons. Treat every 24 hours with a 25% water change before each treatment. Treat for 10 days. Metronidazole is found in: SeaChem; Metronidazole & Jungle Medicated Parasite Food which is an excellent way to deliver this food for freshwater fish (not as necessary for saltwater) KANAMYCIN SULFATE (Kanaplex );  ABOUT/ USE: An easily absorbed antibiotic, it is used to treat many sensitive gram–negative and some gram–positive bacteria. Kanamycin is a water-soluble aminoglycoside antibiotic that is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces kanamyceticus and has a very low adsorption rate in the intestine of animals including fish. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of t-RNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Aminoglycosides such as Kanamycin are especially useful in infections involving aerobic gram-negative bacteria such as Columnaris.Kanamycin works especially well in salt water aquariums. Kanamycin works well combined with (& compliments) Nitrofurazone for flexibacter (Columnaris) (Symptoms: Fuzzy, thin, white coating on the body and fins. Looks like a fungus). Also useful for Pseudomonas-Open red sores or ulcerations, fin and tail damage, fins and tail are eaten away, in severe cases, down to the body. Kanamycin is very effective in high pH applications, especially Vibrio, making it useful for brackish and marine treatments. Kanamycin is easily absorbed skin absorbed , making it an excellent choice for systemic infections. Kanamycin is one of the more effective broad spectrum antibiotics available with recent test showing it to surpass the Tetracycline class antibiotics in cultures including Minocyline (found in Maracyn II), although Kanacyn has been also been shown in these studies to be even more effective when combined with other antibiotics such as Nitrofurazone or Tetracyclines for a “super” antibiotic effect. Kanamycin can also be used for aquatic Tuberculosis, although Isoniazid is often the drug of choice, both can be used together as Isoniazid seems to affect certain active TB bacterium whereas Kanamycin has often different TB activity effectiveness. I personally have found this to be one of the more effective antibiotics available (similar properties to Chloramphenicol, although still not as effective as Chloramphenicol which is no longer available in the aquarium trade). Kanamyacin can be effective for whirling disease, suspected kidney disease and dropsy. Kanamycin tends to be absorbed quickly by the kidneys which makes it effective for treatment of Kidney infection, but also lends itself to the destruction of the kidneys with over use. Kanamycin sulfate appears to prevent bacteria from making their cell walls, so the cells die. As noted earlier, Kanamycin can be blended with other medications to make a few popular Aquatronics Medications/Treatments that are no longer available, Here are two that can blended: *Aquatronics Spectrogram: Kanamycin can be combined with Furan 2 to make an even more wide spectrum treatment, especially for difficult cases of Columnaris or Aeromonas. *Aquatronics Paragon 2; Kanamycin can be combined with Furan 2 & Metronidazole for an excellent parasitic, fungal, & bacterial infection treatment DOSAGE: 250-500 mg per 20 gallons. Treat every 48 hours with a 25% water change before each treatment. Treat for 10 days. Kanamycin is found in: SeaChem; Kanaplex FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT IDENTIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF AEROMONAS, VIBRIO, & SEPTICEMIA CHLORAMPHENICOL: Chloramphenicol has in vitro activity against most anaerobic bacteria (gram positive/negative), and aerobic gram-positive bacteria making this one of the more effective antibiotics I have used due to its wide spectrum effectiveness, especially as per many aquatic bacterial pathogens (and even some parasites too) Unfortunately the toxicity of Chloramphenicol, which has been linked to the development of aplastic anemia (a rare but potentially fatal condition) and dose-dependent leukopenia, has made this antibiotic impossible to find for most aquarists with Kanamycin Sulfate the closest substitute (although still not as good in my experience) ERYTHROMYCIN:  ABOUT/ USE: Fin and tail rot, infections attributed to kidney disease (often not true kidney infections), some causes of pop eye, Neon Tetra disease (faded color and generally False Neon Tetra Disease/FTD)), and Black Molly disease. Erythromycin is most effective for gram-positive (the drug of choice for Streptococcus in fish) and SOME gram negative bacteria and fungus appearing diseases (not what is generally considered true fungus). However, generally Erythromycin is considered a gram positive treatment.Generally Erythromycin is not effective for most common aquatic diseases, especially in saltwater aquariums since it is primarily gram positive while the majority of aquatic infections are gram negative. Erythromycin is still useful for some diseases, especially some of the more difficult gram positive infections such as some cases fin rot and even some causes of Neon Tetra Disease (not all as this is more a symptom of several possible causes rather than an actual disease). Another often effective use of Erythromycin is for eye infections, both pop eye and cloudy eyes (cataract like infections), however in both cases a medicated Methylene Blue/Salt bath should also be part of the treatment (if possible, as some large fish this is not possible). Direct application of Silver Nitrate or Potassium Permanganate may be necessary for severe cloudy eyes (cataract like eye infections). When used for many eye infections (especially when only one or a small percentage of fish are effected), use of Erythromycin at double dose in a medicated fish bath is often an effective and definitely safe method of use. I find that Erythromycin (often in the trade named product Maracyn) is one of the most improperly recommended aquatic medications available (based on feedback from clients and reading forums, especially Yahoo Answers). Although I have used this antibiotic with success, it is rarely a medication that I will go to first since it is limited in its aquatic effectiveness and is hard on nitrifying bacteria. This is a medication worth trying when all else has failed or even in combination with antibiotics such as Kanamycin, but as a first choice Erythromycin should be very limited Erythromycin works by inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 23S rRNA molecule (in the 50S subunit) of the bacterial ribosome blocking the exit of the growing peptide chain of sensitive microorganisms. (Animals including fish do not have 50 S ribosomal subunits, but have ribosomes composed of 40 S and 60 S subunits). Certain resistant microorganisms with mutational changes in components of this subunit of the ribosome fail to bind the drug. The association between erythromycin and the ribosome is reversible and takes place only when the 50 S subunit is free from tRNA molecules bearing nascent peptide chains. Gram-positive bacteria accumulate about 100 times more erythromycin than do gram-negative microorganisms. The non ionized from of the drug is considerably more permeable to cells, and this probably explains the increased antimicrobial activity that is observed in alkaline pH, which is why Erythromycin is more effective in pH over 7.2. Erythromycin is also VERY harsh on nitrifying bacteria and should be used with care in aquariums, although in established aquariums the nitrifying bacteria will generally bounce back. I would not recommend Erythromycin in new aquariums or Marine Aquariums. Generally Erythromycin is best not combined with other medications, although I have combined with Kanamycin under careful observation of aquarium ammonia levels. DOSAGE: 250- 500 mg per 20 gallons every 24 hours with a 25% water change before each treatment. Treat for 10 days. Erythromycin is found in API Pro Erythromycin by Aquarium Pharmaceuticals or Maracyn by Mardel. ISONIAZID 300 mg: ABOUT/USE: Treatment for tuberculosis (Symptoms: the fish have been sick for several months. The fish is lethargic, anorexic, has fin or scale loss and a sunken stomach) in susceptible fish such as Discus. Can be combined with Kanamycin or Neomycin. As noted, Isoniazid is used alone or can be used with other drugs to treat tuberculosis (TB) and to prevent it in fish that have had contact with tuberculosis bacteria. It eliminates only active (growing) bacteria. Since the bacteria may exist in a resting (nongrowing) state for long periods, therapy with isoniazid (and other antituberculosis drugs) must be continued for a long time (usually 6-12 months) often making TB treatments in aquariums impractical due to costs, time, and damage to the aquatic environment ( I strongly recommend using a quarantine tank). Unfortunately, Isoniazid has become very difficult to obtain since the aquarium medications company Aquatronics went out of business. An organic alternative is Usnea, which has shown very good lab results in treating the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For more about Usnea, please see this Aquarium Answers article: USNEA; USING USNIC ACID AS A FISH REMEDY Note: Aquatic tuberculosis can be very difficult to treat (in fact nearly impossible). Also note that this is caused by a very similar bacterium in human TB, but is not the same, and the only danger to humans is to an open wound exposed to the bacterium, which then only causes a localized rash. DOSAGE: 1 tablet per 20 gallons, every other day for 14- 30 days PENICILLIN, AMPICILLAN; USE: Belonging to the group of beta-lactam antibiotics, ampicillin is able to penetrate Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria. Even though this a commonly used antibiotic family in humans and other warm blooded animals, this is a family of antibiotics that has shown to be generally useless in fish (especially Penicillin). About the only effectiveness comes in the treatment of some fungal eye infections. All medications, antimicrobials, antibiotics, chemotherapeutics work differently in differently in different organisms, even if the processes are similar. An example I often use is for Quinine Sulfate; this is a generally safe and effective treatment for fish, but not at all for invertebrates. NALIDIXIC ACID (Naladin): Nalidixic Acid is a quinolone, a family of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Nalidixic Acid (also known as Naladixic Acid and Naladin) is effective against many gram negative and positive bacteria. In humans it is (was, as the antibiotic is no longer used for humans) used for urinary tract infections. Naladixic Acid is similar in its effectiveness to Septra (AKA Trimethoprin). USE: In aquariums it has been shown to be occasionally effective for swelling caused by fluids in the internal cavity of the fish that is often diagnosed as Dropsy. It has also shown effectiveness in treating sporozoans (Pleistophora hyphessobryconis) sometimes referred to as neon tetra disease. For this application Naladixic Acid works best combined with Metronidazole or Gentian Violet. Although for this condition I prefer a Methylene Blue bath and Metronidazole in the aquarium (or possibly Quick Cure or ParaGuard ). Caution should be used with Nalidixic Acid in hard water aquariums as high amounts of calcium will interact with this antibiotic. FOR EACH MEDICATION ARTICLE, PLEASE CLICK THE LINKS BELOW: ANTIBIOTICS/ ANTIMICROBIALS PARASITE & CHEMICAL TREATMENTS ORGANIC TREATMENTS AQUARIUM MEDICATIONS & TREATMENTS INTRODUCTION (Home) Further reading/references: *http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/654antibiotic.html * http://www.mtsu.edu/~rseipelt/web2120a/2120sol/2120sollinkbact2.htm *Treatment of Tuberculosis *http://www.druglib.com/activeingredient/kanamycin/ For more aquarium information and articles (pond too), please visit this site:   | Columnaris | Vibrio_Aeromonas | Aquarium_Ich | Aquarium-Medication-2 | Aquarium-Medication-3 | Aquarium-Medication-4 | Oodinium | | Medicated Wonder Shell | Pimafix | Ammo-carb | Aquarium-test-kit | Water-conditioner | Seachem | Quick-cure | Aquarium_Medication | Aquarium-KH | Nirox-Products | | Via Aqua | U.V. 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